卡夫卡与西藏——以赫定旅行记为中心的考察

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 卡夫卡在1920年6月初致密伦娜书信中曾提及自己正在读一本关于西藏的书,9月又说自己正在读一本中国鬼故事书。这两次提及可能指同一本书,即瑞典探险家、作家赫定的西藏探险录《翻越喜马拉雅》。赫定书中的寺庙与村庄、墙与塔、岩石与废墟和卡夫卡笔下的城堡秘响旁通;和《城堡》中的K一样,赫定既是一个心怀中古骑士梦的“英雄”,也是一个其真实意图令人困惑的“土地测量员”。赫定对石室苦修僧人的想象,为理解卡夫卡的“地洞式写作”提供了西藏背景。卡夫卡书信中的“中国鬼故事”包含了与赫定的隐秘交流,通过与学生的对话,卡夫卡笔下的老师回应了赫定关于苦修僧人生活方式的疑问,也试图向密伦娜表明自己是一个怎样的人。

关键词: 卡夫卡, 西藏, 赫定, 《翻越喜马拉雅》

Abstract: In his letter to Milena in early June 1920, Kafka mentioned that he was reading a book about Tibet, and in September he said that he was reading a book of Chinese ghost stories. There are indications that these two mentions may refer to the same book, the Swedish explorer and writer Sven Hedin's Trans-Himalaya. The temple and village, wall and tower, rocks and ruins in Hedin's book left traces in Kafka's The Castle; like K, Hedin is both a “hero” with the dream of a medieval knight in mind, and a “land surveyor” whose true intentions are confusing. Hedin's imagination of an ascetic monk in the stone chamber provides a Tibetan background for understanding Kafka's “burrow writing”; the Chinese ghost story in Kafka's letter includes secret communication with Hedin, that is, through conversation with his student, the teacher in Kafka's letter responded to Hedin's question, and at the same time showed Milena what kind of person he was.

Key words: Franz Kafka, Tibet, Sven Hedin, Trans-Himalaya

赵山奎. 卡夫卡与西藏——以赫定旅行记为中心的考察[J]. 中国比较文学, 2023, 0(1): 102-117.

参考文献

Brod, Max.“Nachwort zur ersten Ausgabe”. Franz Kafka. Das Schloβ. Hg. Max Brod. Frankfurt am Main: S. Fischer Taschenbuch, 1992. 347-354.
恩格斯:《家庭、私有制和国家的起源》。北京:人民出版社, 1972年。
[Engels, Friedrich. The Origin of Family, Private Ownership, and State (jia ting si you zhi he guo jia de qi yuan). Beijing: People's Publishing House, 1972.]
斯文·赫定:《失踪雪域750天》,包菁萍译,李恺整理。乌鲁木齐:新疆人民出版社,2000年。
[Hedin, Sven. 750 Days of Missing in Snow Region (shi zong xue yu 750 tian). Trans. Bao Jingping. Ed. Li Kai. Urumqi: Xinjiang People's Publishing House, 2000.]
---. Transhimalaja. Entdeckungen und Abenteuer in Tibet. Leipzig: Brockhause, 1920.
---. Trans-Himalaya: Discorveries and Adventures in Tibet Vol. 1. New York: Macmillan Company, 1909a.
---.Trans-Himalaya: Discorveries and Adventures in Tibet Vol. 2. New York: Macmillan Company, 1909b.
乳毕坚瑾:《米拉日巴尊者全传》,释寂凡译。北京:宗教文化出版社,2013年。
[Heruka, Tsangnyön. The Complete Life of Milarepa (mi la ri ba zun zhe quan zhuan). Trans. Shi Jifan. Beijing: China Religious Culture Publisher, 2013.]
Kafka, Franz. Briefe an Milena. New York: Schocken, 1952.
---. Briefe 1902-1924. Hg. Max Brod. Frankfurt am Main: S. Fischer, 1975.
卡夫卡:“城堡”,《卡夫卡全集》第3卷,叶廷芳主编。北京:中央编译出版社,2015年a。3-345。
[---. “The Castle” (cheng bao). The Complete Works of Kafka. Vol.3. Ed. Ye Tingfang. Beijing: Central Compilation and Translation Press, 2015a. 3-345.]
——:“一条狗的研究”,《卡夫卡全集》第1卷,叶廷芳主编。北京:中央编译出版社,2015年b。371-401。
[---.“Investigations of a Dog” (yi tiao gou de yan jiu). The Complete Works of Kafka. Vol.1. Ed. Ye Tingfang. Beijing: Central Compilation and Translation Press, 2015b. 371-401.]
——:“致菲丽斯情书I”,《卡夫卡全集》第8卷,叶廷芳主编。北京:中央编译出版社,2015年c。1-516。
[---.“Letters to Felice I” (zhi fei li si qing shu yi). The Complete Works of Kafka. Vol.8. Ed. Ye Tingfang. Beijing: Central Compilation and Translation Press, 2015c. 1-516.]
---. Letters to Friends. Trans. Richard and Clara Winston. New York: Schocken, 1977.
——:“致密伦娜情书”,《卡夫卡全集》第9卷,叶廷芳主编。北京:中央编译出版社,2015年d。175-374。
[---.“Letters to Milena” (zhi mi lun na qing shu). The Complete Works of Kafka. Vol.9. Ed. Ye Tingfang. Beijing: Central Compilation and Translation Press, 2015d. 175-374.]
---. Nachgelassene Schriften und Fragmente I. Hg. Malcolm Pasley. Frankfurt am Main: S. Fischer,1993a.
---. Nachgelassene Schriften und Fragmente II. Hg. Jost Schilemeit. Frankfurt am Main: S. Fischer, 1993b.
——:“往事一页”,《卡夫卡全集》第1卷,叶廷芳主编。北京:中央编译出版社,2015年e。140-141。
[---. “The Old Manuscript” (wang shi yi ye). The Complete Works of Kafka. Vol.1. Ed. Ye Tingfang. Beijing: Central Compilation and Translation Press, 2015e. 140-141.]
——:“拒绝”,《卡夫卡全集》第1卷,叶廷芳主编。北京:中央编译出版社,2015年f。355-359。
[---.“The Refusal” (ju jue). The Complete Works of Kafka. Vol.1. Ed. Ye Tingfang. Beijing: Central Compilation and Translation Press, 2015f. 355-359.]
---. Das Schloβ. Frankfurt am Main: S. Fischer, 1992.
---. Tagebücher 1910-1923. Hg. Max Brod. Frankfurt am Main: S. Fischer, 1983.
刘小枫:《沉重的肉身》。上海:上海人民出版社,1999年。
[Liu, Xiaofeng. Unbearable Body (chen zhong de rou shen). Shanghai: Shanghai People's Publishin House, 1999.]
Meng, Weiyan. “China and Chinese in Kafka's Works”. Kafka and China. Ed. Adrian Hsia.Berlin: Peter Lang, 1996. 75-96.
沈卫荣:《想象西藏:跨文化视野中的和尚、活佛、喇嘛和密教》。北京:北京师范大学出版社,2015年。
[Shen, Weirong. Imagining Tibet: Monks, Living Buddhas, Lamas, and Esotericism in a Cross-cultural Perspective (xiang xiang xi zang kua wen hua shi ye zhong de he shang huo fo la ma he mi jiao). Beijing: Beijing Normal University Press, 2015.]
图齐:《西藏宗教之旅》,耿昇译。北京:中国藏学出版社,1999年。
[Tucci, Giuseppe. The Religions of Tibet (xi zang zong jiao zhi lü). Trans. Geng Sheng. Beijing: China Tibetology Press, 1999.]
曾艳兵:“‘地洞式’写作”,《中国图书评论》3(2020):100-106。
[Zeng, Yanbing. “Burrow Writing”(di dong shi xie zuo). China Book Review 3 (2020): 100-106.]
——:《卡夫卡与中国文化》。北京:首都师范大学出版社,2019年。
[---. Kafka and Chinese Culture (ka fu ka yu zhong guo wen hua). Beijing: Capital Normal University Press, 2019.]
赵光锐:“20世纪初德国的涉藏活动和西藏政策考析”,《中国边疆史地研究》3(2017a):123-134。
[Zhao, Guangrui. “An Analysis of Germany's Tibet-related Activities and Tibet Policy in the Early 20th Century”(er shi shi ji chu de guo de she zang huo dong he xi zang zheng ce kao xi). Research on the History and Geography of China's Borderland 3 (2017a): 123-134.]
——:“斯文·赫定:游走在德英俄之间的探险者”,《德国研究》1(2017b):118-129。
[---. “Sven Heding: An Explorer Wandering among Germany, Britain and Russia”(si wen he ding you zou zai de ying e zhi jian de tan xian zhe). German Studies 1 (2017b): 118-129.]