训诂见英译:以《中庸》21章为例

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 训诂向为经文解释活动,很少被用于语际翻译。汉字“以义构形”,解析其形可达其指。对《中庸》21章汉英译文的分析可见,由字转向词,所形成的概念化倾向,对天道加以抽象并使之与人相疏离,造成增字解经,倾向上即已脱离经文正规;而英译的处理更甚:在以目的语中的给定词语再现经文意义的情况下,已成另一种脉络。回到字本身,以之为本位传译,不仅是语内的基本要求,而且也意味着语际交流的历史使命。一个应对的办法就是通过形训,拆解关键字进而以相应的英语词语对其重加组合,让文字本身说话,将天道之理凸显于译文之中。

关键词: 儒家, 心, 《中庸》, 英译

Abstract: Long having been an activity of interpretation of Ruist scriptures, xungu (训诂) is rarely used in interlingual translation, though it is often used in forcusing on the structural form of the given characters where their references lie. An analysis of the Chinese and English versions of Chapter 21 of The Heart Ever Presencing shows that the tendency to conceptualize the things concerned coming along with the turn from Chinese characters to words, abstracting the Dao of Tian (天道) and alienating it from man, leads to a heap of words more than needed, going far away from the right course of what there is in the books. What can be found in their English counterparts is worse. For using the given words in the target language to represent their meaning, what they get to is another context. Thus, it becomes a must to return to the characters themselves and take them as an orientation to convey the intention of the texts — this is not only the demand for the interlingual rendition but it also means a historical mission. One approach to the problem is, abiding by the interpretation by the structural formation of the characters, to disassemble and then remake up the parts with corresponding words in English to “let the characters speak for themselves”, and thus embody the Dao in the translated text.

Key words: Ruism, the heart, The Heart Ever Presencing, English translation

蔡新乐. 训诂见英译:以《中庸》21章为例[J]. 中国比较文学, 2022, 0(2): 134-157.

Cai Xinle. On the Art of Archi-Hermeneutics Applied to English Translation: With Chapter 21 of The Heart Ever Presencing as an Example[J]. Comparative Literature in China, 2022, 0(2): 134-157.

参考文献

爱新觉罗,毓鋆(讲述):《毓老师说大学》,陈絅整理。上海:上海三联书店,2015年a。
[Aisin Gioro, Yuyun. Teacher Yu's Lectures on Daxue (yu lao shi shuo da xue). Ed. Chen Jiong. Shanghai: Shanghai SDX Joint Publishing Company, 2015a.]
——:《毓老师说》,毓门弟子录。上海:上海三联书店,2015年b。
[---. Teacher Yu's Lectures (yu lao shi shuo). Record. Students of Yuyun. Shanghai: Shanghai SDX Joint Publishing Company, 2015b.]
——:《毓老师讲论语》,陈絅整理。北京:中信出版社,2016年。
[---. Teacher Yu's Lectures on Lunyu (yu lao shi jiang lun yu). Ed. Chen Jiong. Beijing: Citic Press Group, 2016.]
Ames, Roger T. and David Hall. Focusing the Familiar: A Translation and Philosophical Interpretation of The Zhongyong. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press,2001.
Ames, Roger T. and Henry Rosemont. The Analects of Confucius: A Philosophical Translation. New York: Ballantine Books, 1998.
《四书译注》,杨逢彬、欧阳祯人译注。上海:华东师范大学出版社,2019年。
[Annotations on The Four Books (si shu yi zhu). Interp.and annot. Yang Fengbin and Ouyang Zhenren. Shanghai: East China Normal University Press, 2019.]
蔡新乐:“《论语》之中‘仁’的英汉译解简论”,《外语与外语教学》2(2020):69－83。
[Cai, Xinle. “An Initial Study of the Principle of the English and Chinese Translation of the Ren in The Analects” (lun yu zhi zhong ren de ying han yi jie jian lun). Foreign Languages and Their Teaching 2(2020):69－83.]
曹音:《大学－中庸释疑》。上海:上海三联书店,2015年。
[Cao, Yin. Interpreting The Great Learning & The Doctrine of the Mean (da xue zhong yong shi yi). Shanghai: Shanghai SDX Joint Publishing Company, 2015.]
Chan, Wing-tsit. trans. and comp. A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy. Princeton:Princeton University Press,1963.
陈绂:《训诂学基础》。北京:北京师范大学出版社,2005年。
[Chen, Fu. Archi-Hermeneutics Fundamentals (xun gu xue ji chu). Beijing: Beijing Normal University Press, 2005.]
陈澧:《东塾读书记(外一种)》,杨志刚编校。北京:三联书店,1998年。
[Chen, Li. My Reading Notes at Dongshu (dong shu du shu ji) (with an additional book). Ed. Yang Zhigang. Beijing: SDX Joint Publishing Company, 1998.]
——:“书江艮庭征君六书说后”,《说文解字诂林》(第一册),丁福保编。北京:中华书局,1982年。433－434。
[---. “Writing after Jiang Zhengjun's Six Categories Theory” (shu jiang gen ting zheng jun liu shu shuo hou). The Explanatory Dictionary of Shuo Wen Jie Zi. Ed. Ding Fubao. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1982. 433－434.]
陈明星主编,刘中洋编注:《中庸》。北京:北京时代华文书局,2018年。
[Chen, Mingxing ed. Liu Zhongyang ed. and annot. The Doctrine of the Mean (zhong yong). Beijing: Beijing Times Chinese Press, 2018.]
陈寅恪:《陈寅恪集·书信集》。北京:三联书店,2001年。
戴震:《戴震全集》(全6册),戴震研究会等编纂。北京:清华大学出版社,1997年。
[Dai, Zhen. The Complete Works of Dai Zhen (dai zhen quan ji). Six volumes. Eds. Dai Zhen Research Association et al. Beijing: Tsinghua University Press, 1997.]
Fingarette, Herbert. Confucius — The Secular as Sacred. New York: Harper & Row Publishers, 1972.
傅佩荣:《傅佩荣译解大学中庸》。北京:东方出版社,2012年。
[Fu, Peirong. Interpret The Great Learning and The Doctrine of the Mean by Fu Peirong (fu pei rong yi jie da xue zhong yong). Beijing: Oriental Press, 2012.]
龚鹏程:《国学通识课》。长沙:岳麓书社,2019年。
[Gong, Pengcheng. Common Lessons of Chinese Classics (guo xue tong shi ke). Changsha: Yue Lu Book Company, 2019.]
郭在贻:《训诂学》(修订本)。北京:中华书局,2019年。
[Guo, Zaiyi. Archi-Hermeneutics (xun gu xue). Revised edition. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 2019.]
何刚强主编:《〈论语〉海外英译一百八十年:微观评鉴与宏观思考》。北京:北京语言大学出版社,2017年。
[He, Gangqiang. ed. Exploring the Values and Technicalities of Major Overseas English Translations of The Analects Since 1828 (lun yu hai wai ying yi yi bai ba shi nian: wei guan ping jian yu hong guan si kao). Beijing: Beijing Language and Culture University Press, 2017.]
黑格尔:《哲学史讲演录》(第一卷),贺麟、王太庆译。北京:三联书店,1959年。
[Hegel, G. W. F. Lectures on the History of Philosophy (zhe xue shi jiang yan lu). Vol. 1. Trans. He Lin and Wang Taiqing. Beijing: SDX Joint Publishing Company, 1959.]
海德格尔:《存在与时间》。陈嘉映、王庆节译,熊伟校,陈嘉映修订。北京:三联书店,2000年。
[Heidegger. Being and Time (cun zai yu shi jian). Trans. Chen Jiaying and Wang Qingjie. Ed. Xiong Wei. Revise. Chen Jiaying. Beijing: SDX Joint Publishing Company, 2000.]
---. Hlderlin's Hymn “The Ister”. Trans. William McNeil and Julia Davis. Bloomington and Indianapolis:Indiana University Press,1996.
克劳斯·黑尔德:《世界现象学》,孙周兴编,倪梁康等译。北京:三联书店,2003年。
[Held, Klaus. Phenomenology of World (shi jie xian xiang xue). Ed. Sun Zhouxing. Trans. Ni Liangkang, et al. Beijing: SDX Joint Publishing Company, 2003.]
胡楚生:《训诂学大纲》。台北:台湾学生书局,2016年。
[Hu, Chusheng. An Outline of Archi-Hermeneutics (xun gu xue da gang). Taipei: Taiwan Student Book Company, 2016.]
黄开国:“董仲舒的名性论探析”,《天府新论》5(2000):42－46。
[Huang, Kaiguo. “Dong Zhongshu's Theory of Name and Fame” (dong zhong shu de ming xing lun tan xi). Tianfu New Idea 5(2000):42－46.]
黄侃述:《文字声韵训诂笔记》,黄焯编。上海:上海古籍出版社,1983年。
[Huang, Kan. Notes on Character, Phonology and Exegesis (wen zi sheng yun xun gu bi ji). Ed. Huang Zhuo. Shanghai: Shanghai Chinese Classics Publishing House, 1983.]
金容沃:《中庸:人类最高的智慧》,金泰成译。海口:海南出版社,2012年。
[Kim, Yong-ok. Zhong Yong: The Highest Wisdom of Humankind (zhong yong: ren lei zui gao de zhi hui). Trans. Jin Taicheng. Haikou: Hainan Press, 2012.]
李明:《中国近事报道(1687－1692)》,郭强、龙云、李伟译。郑州:大象出版社,2004年。
[Le Comte, P. Louis. Nouveau mémoire sur l'état présent de la Chine (1687－1692) (zhong guo jin shi bao dao 1687－1692). Trans. Guo Qiang, Long Yun and Li Wei. Zhengzhou: Elephant Press, 2004.]
李零:《郭店楚简校读记》(增订本)。北京:中国人民大学出版社,2007年。
[Li, Ling. Proofreading Notes of Guodian Chu Bamboo Slips (guo dian chu jian jiao du ji) (Revised edition). Beijing: China Renmin University Press, 2007.]
李特夫:“‘字本位’与古诗英译的翻译单位问题”,《译苑新谭》0 (2009):130－137。
[Li, Tefu. “Zi-Centeredness and Unit of Classic Chinese Poetry Translation” (zi ben wei yu gu shi ying yi de fan yi dan wei wen ti). New Perspectives in Translation Studies 0 (2009):130－137.]
刘师培:“中国文学教科书”,《刘申叔遗书》(下)。南京:江苏古籍出版社,1997年。2117－2176。
[Liu, Shipei. “A Textbook on Chinese Literature” (zhong guo wen xue jiao ke shu). Posthumous Writings of Liu Shenshu. Vol.2. Nanjing: Jiangsu Chinese Classics Publishing House, 1997. 2117－2176.]
刘振佳:《大学中庸诠解》。济南:山东友谊出版社,2014年。
[Liu, Zhenjia. An Interpretation of The Great Learning & The Doctrine of the Mean (da xue zhong yong quan jie). Ji'nan: Shandong Friendship Press, 2014.]
陆九渊:《陆九渊集》,钟哲点校。北京:中华书局,1980年。
[Lu, Jiuyuan. The Collected Works of Lu Jiuyuan (lu jiu yuan ji). Ed. Zhong Zhe. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1980.]
陆宗达:《训诂简论》。北京:北京出版社,2002年。
[Lu, Zongda. A Brief Discussion on Archi-Hermeneutics (xun gu jian lun). Beijing: Beijing Press, 2002.]
陆宗达、王宁:《训诂与训诂学》。太原:山西人民出版社,1994年。
[Lu, Zongda and Wang Ning. Exegesis and Archi-Hermeneutics (xun gu yu xun gu xue). Taiyuan: Shanxi People's Publishing House, 1994.]
牟宗三:《从陆象山到刘蕺山》。上海:上海古籍出版社,2001年。
[Mou, Zongsan. From Lu Xiangshan to Liu Jishan (cong lu xiang shan dao liu ji shan). Shanghai: Shanghai Chinese Classics Publishing House, 2001.]
——:《中国哲学的特质》。上海:上海古籍出版社,1997年。
[---. The Particularities of Chinese Philosophy (zhong guo zhe xue de te zhi). Shanghai: Shanghai Chinese Classics Publishing House, 1997.]
Pound, Ezra. Confucius: The Great Digest; The Unwobblling Pivot; The Analects. New York: New Directions Book, 1969.
齐佩瑢:《训诂学概论》。北京:商务印书馆,2015年。
[Qi, Peirong. Introduction to Archi-Hermeneutics (xun gu xue gai lun). Beijing: The Commercial Press, 2015.]
钱逊:《明德知止:〈大学·中庸〉读本》。北京:中华书局,2015年。
[Qian, Xun. Illustrating Virtue and Knowing Where to Stop: An Introduction to The Great Learning & The Doctrine of the Mean (ming de zhi zhi: da xue zhong yong du ben). Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 2015.]
裘锡圭:《文字学概要》(修订本)。北京:商务印书馆,2013年。
[Qiu, Xigui. An Outline of Grammatology (wen zi xue gai yao) (Revised edition). Beijing: The Commercial Press, 2013.]
饶宗颐:《符号·初文与字母——汉字树》。北京:商务印书馆,1998年。
[Rao, Zongyi. Sign, Ancient Character and Letter — Chinese Character Tree (fu hao chu wen yu zi mu — han zi shu). Beijing: The Commercial Press, 1998.]
索绪尔:《普通语言学教程》,高名凯译。北京:商务印书馆,1980年。
[Saussure, Ferdinand de. Course in General Linguistics (pu tong yu yan xue jiao cheng). Trans. Gao Mingkai. Beijing: The Commercial Press, 1980.]
沈括:《梦溪笔谈》,张富祥译注。北京:中华书局,2009年。
[Shen, Kuo. Dream Pool Essays (meng xi bi tan). Interp. and annot. Zhang Fuxiang. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 2009.]
沈清松:《从利玛窦到海德格尔》。上海:华东师范大学出版社,2016年。
[Shen, Qingsong. From Ricci to Heidegger (cong li ma dou dao hai de ge er). Shanghai: East China Normal University Press, 2016.]
申小龙等:《汉字思维》。济南:山东教育出版社,2014年。
[Shen, Xiaolong et al. Chinese Character Thinking (han zi si wei). Ji'nan: Shandong Education Press, 2014.]
史次耘:《孟子今注今译》。台北:台湾商务印书馆,1978年。
[Shi, Ciyun. Mencius with Modern Annotations and Interpretations (meng zi jin zhu jin yi). Taipei: Taiwan Commercial Press, 1978.]
汤一介:《和而不同》。沈阳:辽宁人民出版社,2001年。
[Tang, Yijie. Harmonious but Different (he er bu tong). Shenyang: Liaoning People's Publishing House, 2001.]
The Analects. Trans. Arthur Waley. Changsha: Hu'nan People's Publishing House; Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1999.
The Analects of Confucius. Trans. Burton Watson. New York: Columbia University Press, 2007.
---. Trans. Annping Chin. Guilin: Guangxi Normal University Press, 2019.
The Chinese Classical Work Commonly Called the Four Books. Trans. David D Collie. Malacca: The Mission Press, 1828.
The Discourses of Confucius, Higher Education, The Universal Order or Conduct of Life. Trans. Gu Hongming (辜鸿铭). Beijing: Beijing University of Technology Press, 2017.
The Four Books, With English Translation and Notes. Trans. James Legge. Shanghai: The Chinese Book Company, 1930.
The Golden Mean. Trans. James Legge. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2011.
《大学·中庸》,王国轩译注。北京:中华书局,2006年。
[The Great Learning and the Doctrine of the Mean (da xue zhong yong). Interp. and annot. Wang Guoxuan. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 2006.]
《大学中庸译注》,王文锦译注。北京:中华书局,2013年。
[The Great Learning & The Doctrine of the Mean with Interpretations and Annotations (da xue zhong yong yi zhu). Interp. and annot. Wang Wenjin. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 2013.]
The Great Learning & The Mean-in-Action. Trans. E.R. Hughes. New York:E.P. Dutton and Company, Inc.,1943.
Tu, Weiming. Centrality and Commonality: An Essay on Confucian Religiousness. Albany: State University of New York City,1989.
杜维明:《中庸:论儒家的宗教性》。段德智译、林同奇校。北京:三联书店,2013年。
[---. Centrality and Commonality: An Essay on Confucian Religiousness (zhong yong lun ru jia de zong jiao xing). Trans. Duan Dezhi. Ed. Lin Tongqi. Beijing: SDX Joint Publishing Company, 2013.]
——:《体知儒学——儒家当代价值的九次对话》。杭州:浙江大学出版社,2012年。
[---. Embodied Knowing: Conversations on the Modern Value of Confucianism. Hangzhou: Zhejiang University Press, 2012.]
王力主编:《古代汉语》(修订本)(全4册)。北京:中华书局,1983年。
[Wang, Li ed. Ancient Chinese (gu dai han yu) (four volumes). Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1983.]
王宁:《汉字构形学导论》。北京:商务印书馆,2015年。
[Wang, Ning. An Introduction to Chinese Character Configuration Studies (han zi gou xing xue dao lun). Beijing: The Commercial Press, 2015.]
——:《汉字六论》。北京:中国大百科全书出版社,2017年。
[---. Six Essays on Chinese Characters (han zi liu lun). Beijing: Encyclopedia of China Publishing House, 2017.]
王引之:《经义述闻》(全4册),虞思徵、马涛、徐炜君校点。上海:上海古籍出版社,2016年。
[Wang, Yinzhi. Recorded Studies on the Meaning of the Classics (jing yi shu wen)(four volumes). Eds. Yu Sizheng, Ma Tao and Xu Weijun. Shanghai: Shanghai Chinese Classics Publishing House, 2016.]
吴国珍:《〈大学〉〈中庸〉最新英文全译全注本》。福州: 福建教育出版社,2015年。
[Wu, Guozhen. A New Annotated English Version of The Great Learning & The Doctrine of the Mean (da xue zhong yong zui xin ying wen quan yi quan zhu ben). Fuzhou: Fujian Education Press, 2015.]
许慎:《说文解字段注》,段玉裁注。上海:上海古籍出版社,1981年。
[Xu, Shen and Duan Yucai. Duan's Annotation of Shuo Wen Jie Zi (shuo wen jie zi duan zhu). Shanghai: Shanghai Chinese Classics Publishing House, 1981.]
扬雄:《扬子法言译注》,李守奎、洪玉琴译注。哈尔滨:黑龙江人民出版社,2003年。
[Yang, Xiong. Yang Xiong's Exemplary Words with Interpretations and Annotations (yang zi fa yan yi zhu). Interp. and annot. Li Shoukui and Hong Yuqin. Harbin: Heilongjiang People's Publishing House, 2003.]
余和群:《文字之道:华夏文字探源》。北京:中国友谊出版公司,2016年。
[Yu, Hequn. The Dao of Characters: Tracing the Source of Chinese Characters (wen zi zhi dao: hua xia wen zi tan yuan). Beijing: China Friendship Publishing Company, 2016.]
詹海云:“序”,张卉:《朱熹〈中庸〉学研究》。成都:四川大学出版社,2018年。1－2。
[Zhan, Haiyun. “Preface” (xu). Zhang Hui. A Study of Zhu Xi's Scholarship on The Doctrine of the Mean. Chengdu: Sichuan University Press, 2018. 1－2.]
张之洞:《劝学篇》。上海:上海书店出版社,2002年。
[Zhang, Zhidong. Encouraging Learning (quan xue pian). Shanghai: Shanghai Bookstore Publishing House, 2002.]
赵岐注、孙奭疏:《孟子注疏》,李学勤主编《十三经注疏》之十一。北京:北京大学出版社,1999年。
[Zhao, Qi and Sun Shi, annot. Explanatory Notes and Commentaries on Mencius (meng zi zhu shu). Explanatory Notes and Commentaries on The Thirteen Confucian Classics Vol. XI. Ed. Li Xueqin. Beijing: Peking University Press, 1999.]
郑玄注、孔颖达疏:《礼记正义》,李学勤主编《十三经注疏》之六。北京:北京大学出版社,1999年。
[Zheng, Xuan and Kong Yingda, annot. Annotations of The Book of Rites (li ji zheng yi). Explanatory Notes and Commentaries on The Thirteen Confucian Classics. Vol. VI. Ed. Li Xueqin. Beijing: Peking University Press, 1999.]
周大璞主编, 黄孝德、罗邦柱编著、修订:《训诂学初稿》(第六版)。武汉:武汉大学出版社,2015年。
[Zhou, Dapu. ed. Huang Xiaode and Luo Bangzhu. Write and revise. The Frist Draft of Archi-Hermeneutics (xun gu xue chu gao). Sixth edition. Wuhan: Wuhan University Press, 2015.]
朱熹:《朱熹集》(全10册),郭齐、尹波(点校)。成都:四川教育出版社,1996年。
[Zhu, Xi. The Collected Works of Zhuxi (zhu xi ji) (ten volumes). Eds. Guo Qi and Yin Bo. Chengdu: Sichuan Education Press, 1996.]
——:《四书章句集注》。北京:中华书局,1983年。
[---. The Variorum of Chapters and Sentences of The Four Books (si shu zhang ju ji zhu). Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1983.]
朱小健:“古老而富生机的学问——齐佩瑢《训诂学概论》读后”,齐佩瑢:《训诂学概论》。北京:商务印书馆,2015年。292－300。
[Zhu, Xiaojian. “Old Yet Lively Scholarship: After Reading Qi's Introduction to Archi-Hermeneutics” (gu lao er fu sheng ji de xue wen qi pei rong xun gu xue gai lun du hou). Qi Peirong. An Introduction to Archi-Hermeneutics. Beijing: The Commercial Press, 2015. 292－300.]
邹晓丽编著:《基础汉字形义释源——〈说文〉部首今读本义》。北京:中华书局,2007年。
[Zou, Xiaoli. An Etymological Study of Chinese Character's Pattern and Meaning (ji chu han zi xing yi shi yuan). Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 2007.]
左丘明传:《春秋左传正义》(全3册),杜预注、孔颖达正义,李学勤主编《十三经注疏》之七。北京:北京大学出版社,1999年。
[Zuo, Qiuming. Annotations of Zuo's Biography of the Spring and Autumn Annals (chun qiu zuo zhuan zheng yi) (three volumes). Annot. Du Yu and Kong Yingda. Explanatory Notes and Commentaries on The Thirteen Confucian Classics. Vol. VII. Ed. Li Xueqin. Beijing: Peking University Press, 1999.]

[1]	胡翠娥. 儒家人文主义与世界主义的互鉴——《中国哲学家孔夫子》与美国的超验主义运动[J]. 中国比较文学, 2023, 0(4): 138-155.
[2]	胡文婷. 16世纪《明心宝鉴》的西方译介——以高母羡译本与罗明坚译本为中心[J]. 中国比较文学, 2023, 0(3): 157-179.
[3]	赵黎明. 中西吟诵诗学的语文制度差异及对话融合——以朱光潜与海德格尔为中心的推展[J]. 中国比较文学, 2023, 0(1): 164-185.
[4]	王渊. 中心的流转与竞争: 世界葡语文学谱系[J]. 中国比较文学, 2023, 0(1): 70-85.
[5]	夏维红. 新中国少数民族文学对外译介效果探研——以外文局下属出版机构推出的英译本为考察对象(1951－2007)[J]. 中国比较文学, 2022, 0(2): 158-177.
[6]	吴晓芳. 中国古典小说英译研究的底本问题——以《西游记》为中心[J]. 中国比较文学, 2021, 0(4): 97-115.
[7]	杨陇, 张文倩. 国外研究机构与中国当代文学的译介传播——以“利兹大学当代华语文学研究中心”为例[J]. 中国比较文学, 2021, 0(2): 40-55.
[8]	汪余礼. 隐性跨文化戏剧: 内生逻辑与核心价值[J]. 中国比较文学, 2020, 0(4): 58-68.
[9]	朱骅. 论20世纪前期中美跨国英文书写的审美中心主义倾向[J]. 中国比较文学, 2020, 0(2): 172-185.
[10]	陈卫斌. 《红楼梦》英译副文本比较与翻译接受[J]. 中国比较文学, 2020, 0(2): 112-124.
[11]	蔡新乐. 求放心以成中庸的英译:以“民鲜(能)久矣”为个案[J]. 中国比较文学, 2020, 0(2): 76-93.
[12]	高莉敏. 中国绘画时空观对庞德诗学思想的影响[J]. 中国比较文学, 2019, 0(2): 72-85.